Researchers from the Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, in collaboration with the Physical Research Laboratory, have uncovered new insights into the Moon’s deep interior by studying ancient iron‑ and titanium‑rich rocks believed to be 4.3–4.4 billion years old. The work, grounded in high‑pressure laboratory experiments, not only helps solve a long‑standing lunar puzzle but also stands to inform the design and scientific goals of India’s upcoming Chandrayaan‑4 sample‑return mission.